INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER AND IT

Basics of Computer

Aaj ke modern zamaane ke bache hone ke naate, aapne computer ka use kiya hoga, dekha hoga ya uske baare mein padha hoga. Kyunki yeh humari rozana ki zindagi ka ek important part ban chuka hai. Chahe school ho, banks, shops, railway stations, hospitals ya aapka apna ghar hi kyu na ho, computers har jagah hote hain aur hamara kaam aasaan aur fast bana dete hain.

Jab yeh humari zindagi ka itna zaroori hissa hain, toh humein yeh zaroor pata hona chahiye ki computer kya hai aur kaise kaam karta hai. Chaliye, pehle computer ko formally define karte hain.

Computer ka literal matlab hai ek aisi device jo calculate kar sakti hai. Lekin modern computers sirf calculate karne se kahi zyada kaam karte hain. Computer ek electronic device hai jo input leta hai, user ke instructions ke according input ko process ya store karta hai aur desired format mein output deta hai.

Input-Process-Output Model

Computer mein input ko "data" kehte hain, aur user ke instructions ke according process hone ke baad jo output milta hai use "information" kehte hain. Raw facts aur figures jinhe arithmetic aur logical operations ke zariye process karke information banayi ja sakti hai, unhe "data" kehte hain.

Data Par Apply Hone Wale Processes Do Tarah Ke Hote Hain −

Arithmetic Operations (Ganit Kriyayen)
Isme woh calculations shamil hoti hain jaise:
- Addition (jodna)
- Subtraction (ghatana)
- Differentials (antar), aur
- Square root (vargmool nikalna), etc.
Logical Operations (Tarkik Kriyayen)
Isme woh comparisons aate hain jaise:
- Greater than (bada hai)
- Less than (chhota hai)
- Equal to (barabar hai), aur
- Opposite (vipreet ya ulta), etc.

Actual Computer Ka Input-Process-Output Model Kuch Iss Tarah Ka Dikhta Hai:

[Is jagah par ek diagram ya illustration ho sakta hai jo Input, Process aur Output ke flow ko explain kare.]

Explanation:

Input → Process (Arithmetic/Logical) → Output

Yeh process batata hai ki ek computer kaam kaise karta hai, jisme data ko process karke useful information banayi jati hai.

Computer Ke Basic Parts.

Computer ke basic parts kuch is tarah hain −

Input Unit (Data Dene Wale Devices)
- Aise devices jo computer ko data aur instructions dete hain, unhe input unit kehte hain.
- Examples: Keyboard aur Mouse.
Output Unit (Information Dikhane Wale Devices)
- Aise devices jo user ko desired format mein information dete hain, unhe output unit kehte hain.
- Examples: Printer aur Visual Display Unit (monitor).
Control Unit (Sabka Niyantran Karne Wala Unit)
- Naam se hi pata chalta hai ki yeh unit computer ke saare functions ko control karta hai.
- Computer ke saare parts aur devices control unit ke madhyam se interact karte hain.
Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU - Computer Ka Dimag)
- Yeh computer ka brain hota hai jahan saari arithmetic (ganit) aur logical (tarkik) operations hote hain.
Memory (Data Store Karne Wali Jagah)
- Input data, instructions aur process ke beech ka data memory mein store hota hai.
- Memory do tarah ki hoti hai:
  - Primary Memory: CPU ke andar hoti hai (jaise RAM).
  - Secondary Memory: CPU ke bahar hoti hai (jaise Hard Drive, Pen Drive).

Control Unit, Arithmetic Logic Unit, aur Memory milkar Central Processing Unit (CPU) banate hain.

Hardware Aur Software

Hardware: Keyboard, mouse, printer jaise devices jo hum dekh aur chhoo sakte hain, wo hardware components kehlaate hain.
Software: Wo set of instructions ya programs jo hardware ko kaam karne ke liye guide karte hain, software kehlate hain. Software na hum dekh sakte hain aur na hi chhoo sakte hain.

Conclusion:
Ek computer ko kaam karne ke liye dono, hardware aur software, zaroori hote hain.

Characteristics of Computer

Computers Ke Kya Characteristics Hain Aur Ye Hamari Life Mein Itne Important Kyu Hain?

Characteristics of Computer

Speed
- Ek computer typically 3-4 million instructions per second execute kar sakta hai.
Accuracy
- Computers bahut high degree ki accuracy dikhate hain. Agar error hota hai, toh wo zyada tar inaccurate data, galat instructions ya chip ke bugs ki wajah se hota hai, jo human errors hain.
Reliability
- Computers ek hi type ka kaam baar-baar kar sakte hain bina tiredness ya boredom ke, jo humans ke liye common hai.
Versatility
- Computers alag-alag tarah ka kaam kar sakte hain, jaise data entry, ticket booking, complex mathematical calculations, aur astronomical observations. Agar aap correct instructions ke saath necessary data input karein, toh computer processing karega.
Storage Capacity
- Computers bahut large amount of data store kar sakte hain, traditional files ki storage cost ke fraction mein. Data paper ke normal wear and tear se bhi safe rehta hai.
Diligence
- Computer tiredness, concentration ki kami, ya fatigue se free hota hai. Yeh hours tak bina error ke kaam kar sakta hai. Millions of calculations bhi ek hi accuracy ke saath perform karta hai, jo routine work mein humans se better banata hai.

Advantages of Using Computers

Computers ek hi task repeatedly same accuracy ke saath karte hain.
Computers na thakte hain aur na bore hote hain.
Routine tasks computers par chhod kar, humans apne intelligent kaam kar sakte hain.

Disadvantages of Using Computers

Computers ke paas apni intelligence nahi hoti; yeh instructions ko blindly follow karte hain bina outcome consider kiye.
Regular electric supply ki zarurat hoti hai, jo developing nations mein ek challenge ho sakta hai.

Booting (Computer Start Karna)

Computer ya computer-embedded device ko start karne ko booting kehte hain. Yeh do steps mein hota hai:

Power supply on karna.
Operating system ko computer ki main memory mein load karna aur applications ko ready state mein rakhna.

Jo first program ya instructions set computer ke switch on hone par chalti hai, use BIOS (Basic Input Output System) kehte hain. BIOS ek firmware hai, jo hardware mein permanently program hoti hai.

Agar system already running hai aur restart ki zarurat hai, toh ise rebooting kehte hain. Rebooting tab hoti hai jab software ya hardware install kiya gaya ho ya system unusually slow ho.

Types of Booting

Cold Booting
- Jab system power supply on karke start hota hai, toh ise cold booting kehte hain. Cold booting ka next step BIOS load karna hota hai.
Warm Booting
- Jab system already running ho aur restart ki zarurat ho, toh ise warm booting kehte hain. Warm booting fast hoti hai kyunki BIOS dobara load nahi hota.

HISTORY OF COMPUTER

Early Computing Devices

Computers ke invention se pehle, log counting aur calculation ke liye sticks, stones aur bones ka use karte the. Jaise-jaise technology aur human intellect advance hua, naye computing devices banaye gaye. Chaliye, kuch pracheen computing devices par nazar daalte hain jo mankind ne use kiye:

1. Abacus

Invention: 4000 saal pehle Chinese ne invent kiya.
Structure: Ek wooden rack jisme metal rods aur beads lage hote hain.
Use: Beads ko specific guidelines ke hisaab se move karke arithmetic computations karte the.

2. Napier’s Bones

Invention: John Napier ne ye manually operated calculating apparatus banaya.
Structure: 9 alag ivory strips (bones) jo numerals ke saath marked hoti thi.
Use: Multiplication aur division karne ke liye. Pehla device tha jo decimal point system use karta tha.

3. Pascaline

Invention: 1642 mein Biaise Pascal, ek French mathematician aur philosopher ne banaya.
Structure: Ek wooden box jisme gears aur wheels lage hote the.
Use: Pehla mechanical aur automated calculator maana jaata hai.

4. Stepped Reckoner (Leibniz Wheel)

Invention: 1673 mein Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, ek German mathematician-philosopher ne invent kiya.
Structure: Digital mechanical calculator tha jo fluted drums (gears ke bajaye) use karta tha.
Use: Pascaline ka improved version tha.

5. Difference Engine

Invention: 1820s mein Charles Babbage ne banaya.
Structure: Ek mechanical computer jo basic computations kar sakta tha.
Use: Numerical tables (jaise logarithmic tables) solve karne ke liye steam-powered calculating machine thi.

6. Analytical Engine

Invention: 1830 mein Charles Babbage ne ek aur calculating machine banayi.
Structure: Mechanical computer jo punch cards se input leta tha.
Use: Yeh har mathematical problem solve kar sakta tha aur data indefinite memory mein store kar sakta tha.

7. Tabulating Machine

Invention: 1890 mein Herman Hollerith, ek American statistician ne banayi.
Structure: Punch card-based mechanical tabulator tha.
Use: Statistics compute karna aur data record/sort karna.
Note: Herman ki company aage chal kar IBM (International Business Machines) bani, 1924 mein.

8. Differential Analyzer

Invention: 1930 mein Vannevar Bush ne first electrical computer banaya.
Structure: Vacuum tubes ka use karta tha jo electrical impulses ko switch karke calculations karta tha.
Use: 25 calculations minutes mein karne ki capacity thi.

9. Mark I

Invention: 1937 mein Howard Aiken ne plan banaya aur 1944 mein IBM aur Harvard ke collaboration se ye computer bana.
Use: Massive calculations ya enormous numbers ke saath calculations kar sakta tha.

Conclusion:
Yeh devices computing ke evolution ka important part hain jo modern computers tak pohonchne ka base banate hain.

History of Computers Generation

'Computer' Shabd Ka Interesting Origin .

16th Century Usage:

Pehli baar "computer" shabd 16th century mein use kiya gaya tha, aur iska matlab tha ek insaan jo calculations karta tha (compute karta tha).
20th century tak yeh shabd noun ke roop mein isi sense mein use hota raha.
Us samay, women ko human computers ke roop mein hire kiya jaata tha jo alag-alag tarah ke calculations aur computations karti thi.

19th Century Usage:

19th century ke aakhri hisse tak "computer" ka use un machines ko describe karne ke liye hone laga jo calculations kar sakti thi.

Modern Usage:

Aaj ke time mein "computer" ka use un programmable digital devices ko describe karne ke liye hota hai jo electricity par kaam karte hain.

Conclusion:
"Computer" shabd ka safar ek human calculator se lekar ek advanced digital device tak kaafi fascinating hai!

Early History of Computers .

Pracheen Itihas

Calculation Devices ka Evolution: Insano ke evolution ke saath hi thousands of years se calculations ke liye alag-alag devices ka use hota raha hai.
Abacus: Sabse purani aur well-known device thi abacus, jo calculation ke liye use hoti thi.

Mechanical Computers (1822-1833)

Father of Computers: 1822 mein Charles Babbage, jinhone "Father of Computers" kehlaya, ne pehla mechanical computer develop karna shuru kiya.
Analytical Engine:
- 1833 mein unhone Analytical Engine design kiya, jo ek general-purpose computer tha.
- Features: Isme ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit), basic flow chart principles aur integrated memory ka concept shamil tha.

First Electronic Computer (1940s)

ENIAC:
- Pehla general-purpose electronic computer tha ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer).
- Inventors: John W. Mauchly aur J. Presper Eckert ne ise invent kiya.

Advancements in Technology

Technology Development: Jaise-jaise technology advance hui, computers chhote hote gaye aur processing speed fast hoti gayi.
First Laptop (1981):
- Pehla laptop 1981 mein introduce kiya gaya.
- Inventors: Adam Osborne aur EPSON ne ise develop kiya.

Conclusion:
Computers ka safar abacus se lekar laptops tak kaafi rapid aur revolutionary raha hai, jo insani progress ko define karta hai.

Basics of Computers ke Topics.

Agar aapko computers ki basic knowledge seekhni hai, toh yeh topics ko explore karna zaroori hai:

1. Number Systems

Binary, Decimal, Octal, Hexadecimal systems ke concepts aur unka use.

2. Number System Conversions

Ek number system se doosre number system mein conversion karna, jaise Decimal se Binary ya Binary se Hexadecimal.

3. Generations of Computers

Computers ki alag-alag generations ka evolution aur unka technology-based comparison.

4. Computer Organisation

Computer ke components ka structure aur unka kaise kaam karta hai.

5. Computer Memory

Memory ke types (Primary aur Secondary), RAM, ROM, Cache, aur Storage Devices ke baare mein.

6. Computer Abbreviations

Commonly used abbreviations jaise CPU, USB, HTTP, etc.

7. Basic Computer Terminology

Computers se judi basic terms jaise Bit, Byte, Algorithm, etc.

8. Computer Languages

Low-level aur High-level programming languages jaise Assembly, C, Java, Python ke baare mein knowledge.

9. Basic Internet Knowledge and Protocols

Internet kaise kaam karta hai aur protocols jaise HTTP, FTP, TCP/IP ke concepts.

10. Hardware and Software

Computer ke physical parts (hardware) aur unhe chalane wale programs (software).

11. Keyboard Shortcuts

Productivity ke liye common keyboard shortcuts jaise Ctrl+C, Ctrl+V, etc.

12. I/O Devices

Input Devices (keyboard, mouse) aur Output Devices (monitor, printer) ke baare mein.

13. Practice Problems on Basics of Computers

Basic concepts ko test karne ke liye practice problems aur quizzes.

Conclusion:
In topics ko step-by-step explore karne se aapko computers ke basics ka deep understanding milega aur practical knowledge bhi enhance hoga.

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